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- Contents -
Audio and Video Examples
Preface
Chapter 1 - Sound Theory
Characteristics of Sound
Waves
Speed
Cycles
Frequency
Pitch
Wavelength
Amplitude
Loudness
Phase
Harmonics, Overtones, and Partials
Shape
Envelope
Attack
Decay
Sustain
Release
Hearing Protection
EQ Versus Volume
Painful Frequencies Versus Comforting Frequencies
Understanding Hearing Differences
Types of Hearing Loss
Presbycusis
Tinnitus
Conductive Hearing Loss
Aural Hypersensitivity
Hyperacusis
Recruitment
Education Is rhe Answer
Chapter 2 - Connecting
Connectors
RCA Connectors
Quarter-Inch Phone Connectors
XLR Connectors
The Dual Banana Connector
Speakon Connectors
Interconnect
Resistance
Inductance and Capacitance
Line-, Instrument -, and Mic-Level Impedance
Terminology
Compatibility Between Hi Z and Lo Z
Balanced Versus Unbalanced
Terminology
Unbalanced Guitar Cables
Balanced Wiring
Choosing Cable
Pre-Assembled Cables
Custom-Assembled Cables
Probable Causes for Various Cable Failures
Least Common Denominator
Acoustical Influences on Listening Tests
Cable Construction Standards
Speaker Cables
Wire Gauge
Instrument-Level Cables
Line-Level Cables
Microphone Cables
Do Cables Really Sound Different?
Digital-Interconnect Cables
Optical Digital Cables (Fiber Optics)
Camp Time
Studio Reference Monitors
Speaker Cabinet Components
Drivers
Direct Radiating Cone Speakers
Horn Compression Drivers
Ribbon Drivers
The Importance of Enclosures
Sealed Enclosures
Infinite Baffle
Acoustic Suspension
Bass Reflex
The Passive Radiator
Transmission Line
Component Alignment
Speaker Impedance
Calculating Speaker Impedance
Bridging an Amplifier
Crossover Configurations
Passive Crossover
Active Crossover
Full-Range Cabinets
Two-Way Cabinets
Three-Way Cabinets
Four-Way Systems
Powered and Non-Powered Monitors
Non-Powered Monitors
Professional Amplifiers
Self-Powered Monitors
Power Ratings
Near-Field Reference Monitors
Far-Field Monitors
Plugging In
Electrical Power
Powering Up
Powering Down
Ground Hum
Grounding
Ground Loops
Solutions to Grounding Problems
Noise Doesn't Necessarily Indicate a Grounding Problem
Connect All Equipment to the Same Outlet
Hum Eliminators
Lighting Dimmers
Hire a Pro
Auxiliary Power Supply
Power Conditioner and Sequencer
Circuit Tester
Danger, Danger
Chapter 3 - Mixers
Input Levels
Input Stage
Output Impedance
Direct Box
Passive Versus Active DIs
Meters
Volume Unit (VU)
Peak Program and Full Scale Meters
Adjusting Levels for Transients
Phantom Power
Mic Level/Sensitivity
Line and Instrument Level
The Importance of Impedance Matching
Operating Levels: +4 dBm Versus -10 dBV
Attenuators
Connecting a Professional Microphone to Built-in Computer Input
Signal Level
Impedance
Connectors and Wiring
Mixer Configurations
The Split and In-Line Console Designs
Analog Versus Digital Mixers
Control Surfaces
The Virtual Mixer
Chapter 4 - Signal Path
Signal Path
The Preamp
Attenuator
Phase
Input Level Comparison
Channel Insert
Buses
Input Faders
Pre and Post
Using the Aux Bus
The Headphone Bus
Track Assignment
Summing
Splitting a Signal Using a Y Cable
Pan
Gain Structure
Potential Problems
Bouncing Tracks
Analog and Digital Tape-Based Recorders
Digital
Solo
PFL (Pre Fader Listen)
AFL (After Fader Listen)
Mixdown Solo
Mutes
The Equalizer
Hertz
Definition of Frequency Ranges
Bandwidth
Sweepable EQ
Parametric EQ
Graphic EQ
Notch Filter
Peaking Filters
Highpass Filter
Lowpass Filter
Bandpass Filter
Shelving EQ
Combined Equalizers
The Equalizers Sound
The Monitor Section
Control Room Monitor Selector
Stereo to Mono
Stereo Master
Monitor Level/Speaker Level
Talkback/Communications
Test Tones
Integrating Analog and Digital Recorders
Analog Reference Tones
Patch Bays
Session Setup
Basic Procedure
New Mixer Functions
Chapter 5 - Microphones
Directional Characteristic
Polar Response Graph
On-Axis
Off-Axis
Sensitivity Scale
Omnidirectional
Bidirectional
Unidirectional
Cardioid
Supercardioid
Hypcrcardioid
Ultracardioid
Subcardioid
Operating Principle
Transducer Types
Magnetic Induction Transducers
Variable Capacitance Transducers
Operating Principle of the Moving-Coil Mic
Operating Principle of the Ribbon Mic
Operating Principle of the Condenser Mic
Phantom Power
Electret Condenser Microphones
Comparison between Moving-Coil, Ribbon, and Condenser Microphones
Moving-Coil Mics
Condenser Microphones
Ribbon Mics
Shaping the Pickup Pattern
Physical Housing Design
The Proximity Effect
Compensating for the Proximity Effect
Using the Proximity Effect ro Our Advantage
Response Characteristic
Frequency Response Curve
Transient Response
Output Characteristic
Equivalent Noise Rating/Self-Noise
Sensitivity
Maximum SPL Rating
Impedance
Stereo Mic Techniques
The X-Y Technique
The Spaced Omni Pair
The Crossed Bidirectional Blumlein Technique
The MS Technique
The ORTF Configuration
Multichannel Mic Techniques
Downmixing
The LRFB Technique
The VSA Tree
Conclusion
Chapter 6 - Processors
Signal Processor Basics
Communicating a Feeling
Similarity of Hardware and Software Controls
Connecting Processors
Channel Insert
Auxiliary Bus
Plug the Instrument Directly into the Processor
Dynamics Processor Operation
Dynamic Range
The VCA
Substitutes for the VCA
Compressor/Limiter
Why Do We Need a Compressor?
The Resulting Effect of Compression
Analog Versus Digital Application
To Compress or Not to Compress - That Is the Question
Compression Parameters
Threshold
Attack Time
Release Time
Ratio
Output Level
The Difference between a Compressor and a Limiter
Hard Knee Versus Soft Knee Compression/Limiting
Peak/RMS Detection
Side Chain
Meters on the Compressor/Limiter
Input Level Meter
Output Level Meter
Gain Reduction Meter
The Function of a Compressor
Technical Effect
Musical Effect
The Function of a Limiter
Proper Use of the Compressor/Limiter
Should I Use the Compressor/Limiter on Input or Output?
Setup Suggestions for the Compressor/Limiter
How Much Is Enough?
Pumping
Breathing
Commercial Pop Music
Classical Recording
The Purist and Compression
Multiband Compressor/Limiters
De-Essers
Tube Versus Solid-State Compressor/Limiters
The Gate/Expander
The Controls on a Gate/Expander
Gates Versus Expanders
Chapter 7 - Effects
Wet Versus Dry
Patching Effects Devices
Delay Effects
Slapback Delay
Doubling/Tripling
Modulation
Phase Shifter
Flanger
Chorus
Phase Reversal and Regeneration
Stereo Effects
Reverberation Effects
Hall Reverb
Chamber Reverb
Plate Reverb
Room Reverb
Reverse Reverb
Gated Reverb
Other Variations of Reverberation
Effects Parameters
Predelay
Diffusion
Decay Time
Density
Effects Plug-Ins
Summary
Index
Test Answers
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